A Literature Review Of Travel Behavior Tourism Essay

A Literature Review Of Travel Behavior Tourism EssayKrobeber 1996, cited from Zhong, Zhang, Yang and Guo 2007 develops a related decision qualification model. Within this model, he claims that the tourist behaviour is determined by three elements travel perception, travel attitude and travel motive. He further suggests that there be cardinal level influences. The first level influence of Krobeber (1996, cited from Zhong, Zhang, Yang and Guo 2007) post be affected from internal meanss such as various(prenominal)(prenominal) psychological work out and the number level influence comes from external social factors such as family background or group influence.The main contributions regarding motivation is the Maslows hierarchy of needs model (Maslow 1970), the get out or seek model (Iso-Ahola 1982 Ross and Iso-Ahola 1991) and the push and pull method (Crompton 1979). Mill and Morrison (1985) argues that travel motivations fit into Maslows hierarchical needs namely, physiologic al, safety, belonging, self-esteem and self- genuineization. Also they identified ii other needs estheticals and humpledge. The human needs physiological, safety/security and belonging/love were categorized as tension-reducing, while the self-esteem, self-actualization, acquiring knowledge and aesthetic as inductive arousal-seeking motives (Figure 2.1)Motivation is one of variables that can explain tourist behavior it is regarded as one of the most all- significant(prenominal) variables (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). There atomic number 18 many of look intoes assure that travel decision making is best explained and predicted by the push and pull approach complicate Backman, Backman, Uysal and Sunshine 1995 Baloglu and Uysal 1996 Ercan, Uysal and Yoshioka 2003. Crompton (1979) explains that motivation is a necessary and important force behind all behavior.People travel because they be pushed and pulled to do so by motivational factors (Baloglu and Uysal 1996). Push motivation is related to the decision, whether to go, and pull motivation addresses the question of where to go (Klenosky 2002). Crompton (1979) used unstructured in-depth interviews and explored push motivation and pull motivation, he summarizes that push is socio-psychological motives that activate commonwealth to travel and pull is cultural motives that tear people to a particular destination. Traditionally, the push motivations substantiate been thought useful for explaining the desire for travel while the pull motivations reserve been thought useful for explaining the actual destination choice (Crompton 1979). concord to Ross and Iso-Ahola (1991), push motivation can be considered as psychological factor and pull motivation is physical factor. These two factors can influence travel decisions and unoccupied engagements. Jang and Cai (2002) point that push refers to the internal factors that drive individuals to travel and pull is concerned well-nigh the external factors that determine w here, when, and how they travel. Kim (2008) addresses that the push factor can be considered as to travel by intangible factors such as escape, relax, exploration) and pull factor is to decide destinations by tangible factors such as draw outions, facilities.Motivation as one of the most important theories, it is recognized the key of the success of travel market. Iso-Ahola (1982) observes that people work part in various leisure and travel activities due to their own need. Tourist motivation is associated with individuals desires for achieving various purposes through travel (Kim and Beck 2009). Furthermore, studies of tourist motivation can assist destination managers to understand how comfortably the destination characteristics fit the needs of the travelers (Goeldner Ritchie, 2006) and design touristry intersections and services containing tourist needs.Destination choice and selection2.3.1 Influential factors to make touristry decision one condemnation the decision mad e to start touristry, the decision maker is in front of many questions, such kindred where to travel, whom to travel with and how to travel. In general, this is a process to collect, align and assess the information (Liu, 2008).2.3.1.1 Environmental perceptionEnvironment perception refers to the touristry information rooted in mind, the one-time(a) information and collected information. In general, this is the totally impression for the travelling. The potential tourists would be influenced by the environment perception. Though there might be some rattling significant tourist destinations, the tourists impart not go the famous home bases that have no impression in their mind and perception. That is what we called environmental perception.Environmental perception mainly include first, the popularity of tourist, which is the first impression of the tourism destination, the tourist bequeath neglect other very(prenominal) destinations second is tourism distance, the influenti al factor to the decision is the complex number distance, not the sincere distance of the destination. The imaginary distance is made of unreal distance, and time cost, money cost, and energy.2.3.1.2 Principle of maximum benefitPrinciple of maximum benefit refers to the tourists pull up stakes get the best role within plastered budget during the tourism. Tourists will think it over before making a decision to travel. The main principles of maximum benefit argonThe stripped time on tourism, it means that the decision to travel will be made according to time cast offing on it, if the time spending is slight than a level, then the decision will be made. Tourists atomic number 18 in favor of less time spending on the travelling.Second is the popularity of tourism destination. The tourism destinations with higher popularity be more attractive, and tourists have gained more information though tourism. Meanwhile, the tourism destination, which has different nicety, will arouse t he interest for tourism.Beside the two factors, there be other influential factors best tourism destination, proper price and comfortable accommodation.2.3.1.3 Tourism preferenceTourism preference refers to the humans impression base on their characters over the reality. The tourism preference of tourists is influenced by humans personal impression. The tourism preference is decided by personal impression of tourists. Regarding tourism preference, there are three factors to research, including age, occupation and education.2.3.2 Content of tourism decisionBefore starting the tourism, the tourists are supposed to make a lot of decisions any of them will take personal factors and will into consideration besides external factors. For example, they will ask for some suggestions and think about the tourism route and travelling partner. These questions mainly include information channel, decision maker, travelling partners and tourism pattern.2.3.2.1 Information channelInformation chann el is the way to obtain and collect the information. With various channel, it is able to obtain the product information, or other users experience of using the products. As the society tour of dutys into a information-based ear, the information channel is various, which including networking channel, newspaper, books and magazine, television, internet and tourism institutions and so on.2.3.2.2 termination consultantDecision consultant is someone who the tourist will ask for suggestions before starting tourism. Potential tourists will take suggestions into consideration, and then is more likely to ask for others audience about where to go and how to go.2.3.2.3 Tourism partnersPeople would like to find partners when go shopping, the same like tourists, many people like to start tourism with partners. According to experts of consumer behavior, they have made further analysis on the family between person and his partners in shopping. According to analysis, the shopping partners are in tended to provide the suggestions based on their experience on the products and marketing, while the relationship between them is not intimate, such like neighbor, colleague and schoolmates. However, the suggestions might be focusing on the persons characters and personal demand, while relationship between them is intimate, such like family members. Choices from tourism partners are not only a reliable resource, but also the suggestions and advices.2.3.2.4 Ways of tourismWays of tourism is focusing on how to reach the destination. In general, there are two ways to travel, first is joining the travelling direction, and another is individual tourism. In this context, it will specify ways of tourism into several aspects, including joining travelling agency, individual tourism depending on maps, companys tourism, communitys tourism, institutions tourism and others.2.4 The senior travel market2.4.1 The seniors travel market in overseaFor overseas countries, as they started the tourism a nalysis in an early time, traced from 1980, the pinch towards tourism of the sometime(a) people is very fruitful (Liu, 2008). It reflects in these aspects search on tourism motivationRegarding the research of tourism for the aging people, it mainly focuses on tourism motivation and perception. The research has utilize many methods, including questionnaire, on-spot glance. The method mainly focuses on the inducing and influential factors. Besides these methods, many other scientific measures have been utilize. For example, a survey on the centenarian people in Israel has been made by Aliza Fleischer in 2002. According to the survey, it found that the main influential factors are income and health, also the tourism time is also ever-changing according to age. For the people develop from 55 to 65, they have rising free time and income, which is decisive to the increasing tourism times. For the people aged above 65, as their income and health going down, the tourism time is red ucing (Aliza, 2002).Jaesoo et al. (2003) have applied neural network of describing method to estimate the weight of influential factors towards the old peoples tourism. Meanwhile, it applied the non-neural network model to describe the relationship between tourists and tourism products. Anderson and Langmeyer(1982) analyzed the relationship between the old people and tourism. According to survey, tourists aged above 50 prefer tourism or visiting relatives to enthral themselves. However, tourist aged downstairs 50 prefer out-door activities or other entertainment facility to enjoy themselvesGoossens (2000) proposed the model called utilization incentive, which is also called model of intention, stimulation and reaction. The model includes the factor of pulling and pushing. Regarding the factor of pushing, it refers to environment, social status, relax and friendship in respect of the factor of pulling, it refers to the situation of tourism. It emphasized the relationship between p ulling and pushing, it considered that these two factors are two sides of a coin, which is closely tied in tourists mind. Crompton and Mckay (1997) pointed out that there are 6 incentives to attend the activities, including experiencing culture, curiosity, return, and balance, social activity with friends, official activity and family activity (Crompton and Mckay, 1997).Research on tourism behavior of the old peopleRegarding the old people, the research on detailed behavior of tourism is comparatively fewer, mainly focusing on the difference of behavior compared with others. Blazey (1992) has made a research on the relationship of tourism before and after retired, plus the usage of tourism information of the old people. Lewiser Aiken (2001) has pointed out that friendship is a networking, a mental support and a resource of information and entertainment for the old people. Meanwhile, he pointed out that the old people are more reliable to get information from prints, such like newspa per and other magazines. Romsa and Blenman (1989) compared the difference of tourists aged below 50 and above 60 in German the result is that the tourism time is more fictile for the people aged above 60.Research on tourism market of the old peopleThe research market of the old people played a part in the whole research, mainly focusing on how to attract the old people in tourism market. Charles DSchewe (1985) indicated that the reason to target the old people in tourism market, as they have large potential and sustainable purchasing power. Francis et al. (1988) regarding the rising number of the old people in USA, it seek to find a way to attract them for the tourism industry, and an information channel to help them set up the pass plan.In general, regarding the tourism behavior of the old people, the features are the main influential factors are income and health also time, income, health age will influence the length and time of tourism the tourism time will be reduce in accor dance with the rising age friendship is an important information resource for tourism tourism time is tractile purpose of tourism is for self-enjoyment.2.4.2 The seniors travel market in ChinaSince 1999, our society became an aged society, the old people was the main part of society, which is also played an important part in the tourism industry. The research of tourism behavior for the old people started from 1990, in this case, the research has been only in the primary step so far. The core of research was the tourism industry of the old people with many results. However, the research of tourism behaviors feature of the old people is very few (Liu, 2008).Research on the old peoples tourismThough the experts have involved in this issue for not a long time, there has some results. Wei (2001) thinks that the tourism incentive of the old people include health, culture, history and recollecting memory. The old people prefer cultural and historical cities, and would like to go travelli ng with families, friends or fellows. Liu (2005) thinks that the influential factors on the old peoples shopping include friend, culture, economy, mind and heart and commercial environment.According to a research made by Yu (2003), regarding the old people in Jiangxi, they have large demand on health recovery tourism due to the problems in health creator. Their information channel is mainly the traditional advertisement. Their way to go travelling is mainly interest the travel agency. They prefer cultural and historical cities and spend less than average level. Wang (1999) argues that the old people are in a pure shopping stage which is very rational and have high requirement on quality of the products than others. Casual consumption and service consumption takes great proportion.According to an analysis regarding the old peoples tourism industry in Taiyuan made by Zhang (2006), the travelling rate is higher for male than female, especially among the people aged from 60-65. The t ourism purposes are mainly for rubber-necking, self-enjoyment and recollecting memories the shopping level are middle level, and the tourism time are seldom in peak season. A survey regarding the tourisms of the old people in Shanghai, the rate of tourism is high with moderate time. The purposes of tourism are mainly sightseeing and for health recovery which is very traditional. They spend money very carefully and will choose to follow the travel agency. They prefer transportation of bus and train. The distance of tourism mainly focuses on hornswoggle or medium long. They prefer natural environment (Hou, Yin and subgenus Chen, 2005).Also a survey regarding the old people in Fuzhou, the rate of tourism is divided into two extreme levels, high and low the spending time of tourism is estimated to reach one week. The purposes of tourism are for sightseeing, health recovery or visiting relatives. They pay much attention on comfort, security and seldom ask for luxury accommodations. The transportation is mainly bus or train. They prefer travelling with partners and fewer will follow the travel agency. Security concern is the main obstacle for tourism (Tang, 2001).According to an analysis regarding the old people of Chongqing in tourism industry, sports tourism has the same purposes with common tourism the purposes are for health condition, entertainment and health recovery. The information channel is mainly from company and relatives. They prefer individual travelling. The old people held a prudential attitude towards shopping. Male is the majority to attend sports tourism. The rate of tourism is low for people aged above 65 (Yang, 2003).The main research methods are questionnaire and interview. The research of the old peoples tourism behavior focuses on the incentive and preference, travelling method, transportation, information channel and spending cost. The features of the old peoples behavior are based on demography and influential factors of tourism behavior. Research on tourism industry of the old peopleIn the domestic research, the feature of the old peoples tourism market, feasibleness and expansion strategy plays a big part. According to Li (2005), regarding the old people, there are 6 features in tourism industry, such like enjoyment and prefer travelling at off-season. Li (2001) has made an analysis on the old peoples feasibility in tourism industry, which including factors of purchasing power, incentive, purpose, time and health condition. Xu and Chen (2001) proposed that it needs to focus on these factors to explore the tourism market of the old people, including research, products strategy, channel strategy and other promotions.The research on the old people in tourism industry is mature, which has reached an agreement on features on the old people in tourism industry, feasibility, and development research and mature strategy. These results are significant to the following research. However, these researches are limited due to l ack of on-spot examination (Liu, 2008).In summary, features of the old people in tourism industry are as follows the purposes are for self-enjoyment, sightseeing and health recovery natural scenery and historical sites are attractive travel time is seldom in peak season health condition is better than before, and is able to attend some not-so-tough tourism relatives and friends are the main information channel joining travelling agency is the main way to tourism prefer the tourism with family, friends and fellows holding a prudential attitude towards travelling taking bus and train as the main transportation with high requirements on travelling safety.2.4.3 Researched the Nanjing seniors travel marketConsumers demand will trigger him to shopping and decide his shoppings way. After entering into the old age, a person has changed psychically with teeming experiences in life and consumption. Their consumption behavior is different with other ages, which is very specific and characteri stic. This special consumption characteristic could be found in tourism motivation, time, manner and destination preference and other relative aspects. Research on behavior of the aged in tourism will contribute to better understanding to their demand and will help the expansion of tourism industry for the aged (Wei, no date supplied).Wei (no date supplied) has researched the Nanjing seniors travel market and analysis several behaviors below2.4.3.1 Tourism motivationNostalgiaFor the aged, they have a very memorable time in the past. Though after years, they are willing to go back to the place where they have lived, or talk with the old friends to remind the old time.LonelinessGenerally the aged have more free time, and most of their sons and daughters live without them. Their sons and daughters are busy at work, has little time to take care parents. What they can do is to visit parents home on weekend and have some underage talk. However, for those who work in other cities, they ca nnot be with their parents. In this case, many old people feel lost and lonely. Therefore, tourism is able to satisfy their life and attract their attention.Increasing knowledgeFor many old people, they only heard the names of some famous tourism destination, but due to various reasons, there is no chance to go there. Many old people want to go travelling while the health condition and economy allow, they want to feel and know the prospect of the outside world.Health and entertainmentThe life of old people is focusing on family and health from previous work. They choose to work out through tourism and entertainment, to go to the natures, for more fresh air, or to live in suburb place. Many obedient children will arrange family tourism some will drive their car and bring parents together to go on a short tourism to peripheral area. In the tourism, the old people will have a lot of fun.Tourism timeDue to health limitation, the old people are not willing to go travelling in overwinter or summer. They prefer spring or autumn, mainly in May, June, September, November (Wang, 2003). Because this period has proper temperature and humidity, it is good for travel, especially for the aged. Due to limited budget and other reasons, more often than not the old people are not willing to take a long trip, they prefer short or not-long trip. They want to spend a certain time, such like one week.Tourism mannerIn general, the old people need stability and security in the tourism, and ask for relax, freedom, comfort, and leisure. Most old people will choose to follow travelling agency. For the old peopletheir energy is weaker than other young tourists. Also, they want to enjoy their no matter vacation or rest, they want to fully satisfy their demand for fun, and do not want to pay much attention for accommodations. They prefer joining travel agency for the convenience.Tourism destinationAccording to survey, the purpose of tourism of the old people is mainly for the natural pro spect. The tourism with purpose of health is more than pure tourism. It signify that due to the health condition, the old people have more demand in healthy tourism. The tourism destination is closely tied with the age of tourism. The elderberry bush tourists prefer cultural destination. For the old tourist, they prefer famous mountain scenery and places of interest, especially natural scenery and revolution scenic spot (Qiu, 2006). As people have different taste to their choice, the old people have their own choice in tourism. However, no matter where to go, they will take security and convenience into consideration. In general, they prefer some places with good environment, or famous cultural cities, religion places, and places with folk custom. Also they like the destinations with slow living rhythm, longstanding culture and high status in history.Tourism expenseThe old tourists are mainly frugal and holding an economical attitude, requiring comfort and security. They ask littl e about luxury life. Their consumption awareness mainly is practical and economical. Though the consumption price is rising, too higher price will stop their consumption. Meanwhile, the fee is broadly paid by the old peoples children and they do not want their children to pay a big bill. They prefer economical tourism. According to survey, there are 17% old people are in well-off economy condition with rising demand for tourism, however, another 70% old people who has requirement for tourism but they need the economical one (Liu, 2007).As the old people get retired, they have plenty of time. Generally speaking, the old people are a group who spend longest time in tourism, with an average day of 10.3, which keeps rising (Hu, 2002). As the old people have more time to travel, they will spend more in entertainment and accommodation. Especially they have significant potential in shopping.2.5 HypothesesAccording to Valerie (1997), setting up and testing a guesswork is an essential part of statistical inference. In order to create a test of a hypothesis, the starting point is to present a theory that is every believed to be true or is intended to be used as the basis for an argument. The aim of using a hypothesis here is to investigate the real perceived impact of the tourism industry in Huairou. Generally speaking, a hypothesis is a type of prediction which will not always turn out to be accurate, depending on the facts of the particular case. So, all of the predictions must be tested and proven (or disproved) using data analysis and/or further investigation.The hypotheses are based on a review of the prior literature, and the hypotheses have two parts.